Netherlands

Global fossil power generation fell after the Hormuz closure due to solar and wind growth

Refining loophole widens: 44% increase in sanctioning countries imports of oil products from Russian crude in 2023

Oil refinery in Burgas, Bulgaria at night. Image shows white structure consisting of chimneys spouting emissions glowing with night lighting and a dark blue night sky behind it.

Russian oil on EU soil: Bulgarian refinery skirts sanctions and buys Russian crude worth an estimated EUR 1.1 billion in tax to the Kremlin

EUROPE – RIPE FOR CLOSURE: Accelerating the energy transition and saving money by reducing excess fossil fuel capacity

Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), 2025