Publications

Publication-filter
Publication-search

Fourth year of full-scale invasion: Russian fossil fuel revenues tank to 27% below pre-invasion levels

Despite Russia’s reliance on sanctioned ‘shadow’ tankers, crude export volumes 6% above pre-invasion This year marks four years since Russia launched its full-scale invasion of …

EU fossil fuel imports and CO2 emissions in 2025: Dependence continues as U.S. becomes largest supplier

Even as the European Union (EU) has scrambled to reduce Russian fossil fuel imports and ensure energy security following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in …

Dangerous dependence: Taiwan becomes world’s largest importer of Russian naphtha as coal imports persist

Imports channel USD 9.3 bn to the Kremlin’s war chest *下面提供中文版本 Despite joining international economic sanctions on Russia just one day after the start of …

Insured complicity: 76% of Russia’s LNG exports carried on UK owned or insured vessels since invasion

The United Kingdom has emerged as one of Ukraine’s most steadfast allies since the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, delivering …

The Last Mile: Phasing Out Russian Oil and Gas in Central Europe

As part of the EU’s sixth sanctions package against Russia adopted in June 2022, the EU granted the Central European countries of Hungary, Slovakia and …

EU imports of Russian fossil fuels in third year of invasion surpass financial aid sent to Ukraine

Tighter sanctions that undercut Russian countermeasures can slash Kremlin revenues by 20% annually CORRIGENDUM, 10 APRIL 2025 – The initial report published on 24 February …

Tapping the loophole: Czechia has spent five times more on Russian oil and gas than aid to Ukraine

The Russian oil and gas sector is the most important revenue source for the Kremlin, and accounted for 32% (EUR 97 bn) of the country’s …

Sanctions hypocrisy: G7+ imports EUR 1.8 bn of Turkish oil products made from Russian crude

In the first half of 2024, Turkey has risen from being the 14th largest buyer of Russian crude oil before Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, …

Taiwan’s imports of Russian coal rose 31% in last 12 months

Taiwan relies heavily on coal for power generation. Prior to the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Taiwan’s energy provider, Taiwan Power Company (also known as …

A Kremlin pit stop: EU imports EUR 3 bn of oil products from Turkish ports handling Russian oil

A new report from CREA and the Center for the Study of Democracy (CSD) has revealed that since the EU/G7 petroleum products ban took effect …

Leveraging interdependence: An LNG price cap would have cut Russia’s LNG export revenues by 60% in 2023

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing energy crisis almost immediately underscored the European Union’s energy security vulnerabilities. The EU’s heavy reliance on fossil …

Refining loophole widens: 44% increase in sanctioning countries imports of oil products from Russian crude in 2023

Sanctions imposed by EU/G7 countries prohibit the importation of Russian crude oil and oil products. The lack of a policy on refined oil produced from …

Evading the sanctions: UK imports EUR 660 mn of oil products made from Russian crude

Sanctions imposed by the UK and EU on Russia prohibit the importation of Russian crude oil and oil products. There is a loophole in the …

EU solar and wind power growth displaced gas consumption worth half of Russian imports in August 2023

The EU’s progress in reaching low coal and gas consumption in power generation in 2023 as well as highs for solar and wind electricity generation …

Renewables helped the EU save 14% of gas in underground gas storages

Increases in renewable electricity generation helped EU countries to boost underground gas storage levels by 14 percentage points from the beginning of January 2022 until …

The Laundromat: How the price cap coalition whitewashes Russian oil in third countries

Western countries that have largely banned the imports of oil from Russia imported EUR 42 billion worth of oil products from countries that have increased …

One year on, who is funding Russia’s war in Ukraine?

Russia’s illegal and brutal full-scale invasion of Ukraine started one year ago. Russia’s fossil fuel revenues have continued to enable the war even though they …

EU oil ban and price cap are costing Russia EUR 160 mn/day, but further measures can multiply the impact

As the sanctions and the costs of the invasion of Ukraine take their toll on Russia’s economy, the country is more dependent than ever on …

Winds not harnessed: How a slowdown in Germany’s wind power development perpetuated dependence on Russia

Germany’s wind power capacity additions stalled and contracted after 2015, falling far behind the rest of Europe. This was a lost opportunity to reduce reliance …

Financing Putin’s war: Fossil fuel exports from Russia in the first six months of the invasion of Ukraine

To shed light on who purchases Russiaʼs oil, gas and coal, and how the volume and value of imports have changed since the start of the invasion, the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air has compiled a detailed dataset of pipeline and seaborne trade in Russian fossil fuels.

123…7 Next
Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), 2026